Cover letters aren’t dead, but they are evolving.
For many of us, it’s been years since we dusted off our resumes, updated our LinkedIn profiles, or wrote a cover letter for a new position.
It wasn’t until I graduated, jobless and floundering, that I really understood the importance of cover letters. But with technology booming and most jobs being screened by applicant tracking systems, I had to wonder whether cover letters even mattered anymore.
The recent buzz around cover letters has declared them boring, useless, stupid, and a waste of time. Even the top Google results don’t seem to have a nice thing to say about them.
All that aside, the bottom line is that most job applications require or at least offer the option to include a cover letter in the submission. If you’re not using your cover letter to your advantage, you could be leaving the door open for someone to beat you out for a job. For this reason alone, it’s smart to include a cover letter in every job application that asks for one.
But what should you include in your cover letter, how should it be ordered, and what are the different formats you can use to stand out? Let’s break each of those down.
How to format a cover letter
There is no single correct way to format a cover letter because every cover letter should be unique to the job you’re applying for. Depending on whether you’re making a career change, moving cities, or just looking to take on a new challenge, your cover letter format will change.
Luckily, the anatomy of a cover letter stays pretty uniform, even if the contents don’t.
1. Formatted header
The first section of your cover letter is the header. You should format the header of your cover letter just as you’d format a formal letter.
This section isn’t very complicated, but it’s important to do it right. This is your first introduction to whoever is reading our cover letter, so pay close attention to it!
Here’s what you should include in your cover letter header:
- Your name
- The date
- Your title
- Your contact information
- Your current job title
- Your LinkedIn URL
Remember to include a professional email address, not the funny one you made in high school. If you’re currently employed, refrain from using your business email as a form of contact for this application. You could also choose to include your physical address in the header image, should you feel it provides you an advantage over other candidates.
Tip: If you’re applying for a job out of state, simply put “Relocating to XYZ city” in place of your current city. You can explain further in your cover letter.
2. A meaningful introduction
Once a hiring manager has looked over the header, they’ll jump to your introduction next. It’s important to make a splash in this section and catch the reader’s attention right away. Think of this the same way you might think of a book synopsis. You have a small window of time to pique their interest with what you say next.
Here’s what you should include in your introduction:
- The hiring manager’s name
- The position you’re applying for
- An introduction of yourself and your experience
That all sounds pretty standard. What can you do to make all of that information meaningful?
Address the hiring manager the right way
Have you ever been called the wrong name at a party? Or maybe you’ve been talking to someone, and you can tell they don’t know your name? Hiring managers deal with this every time they read a cover letter that starts, “Dear Sir and/or Madam…”
Taking the time to find the correct contact information for the hiring manager will help you stand out more than you know.
If the hiring manager’s name and title aren’t immediately clear, do some research. Go to the company’s LinkedIn profile to see who your manager might be. Look at the company’s teams page to see if they have a directory of staff. If you’re working with a recruiter, ask them for the hiring manager’s name. I guarantee it will make a difference for someone to see you’ve addressed them by name.
Tip: If you can’t find their name after all of your searching, the company name or a simple “To Whom It May Concern…” will work just fine.
Perfect your elevator pitch
This next section of your introduction is all about how you wrap yourself up in the right package. Begin making an impression this early in the letter by highlighting why you’re the right person for the job. The point here is to state your interest and grab hold of their attention.
Be sure to begin by restating the position for which you are applying. Next, briefly outline or describe an experience or achievement that makes you uniquely qualified for the open position. This paragraph should be no more than a few sentences.
3. Highlight your experience, skills, and value
In the second and potentially third paragraph, you’ll go into more detail regarding why you are a good fit for the role.
Remember that hiring managers are reading potentially hundreds of these letters. “I studied this subject in school” or “I have done this job for years” is not going to leave a lasting impression. Instead, express your interest in the role in a new and compelling way. Perhaps include a sentence showing you understand the type of candidate they’re looking for.
Explain your experience in a way that renders you uniquely qualified:
- Have you solved any problems that might also arise in this position?
- Have you met goals that would align with your goals in this position?
- Have you led projects or worked on teams that align with their business goals?
- Did you close any major accounts that might draw their attention?
Give specific examples, and include proof if you can. Quantify everything you can with data. If you’re a salesperson, include your quarterly earnings. If you’re a writer, list some publications that have published you and include your portfolio.
Use the job posting to guide your writing
One easy way to do this is to look at the specific requirements or responsibilities of the role listed in the job description. They are so clearly laid out that you’d be a fool not to utilize them!
Example: If the description says they need someone to completely revamp their website, include how you redesigned your last company’s entire digital presence and increased overall site traffic by 37 percent.
Hiring managers want to feel as though they’re excited for this role in particular, not just the shot at a change of pace or a higher paying salary. For this reason, you may consider including a paragraph displaying your research on the company and the reasons you believe this organization, in particular, is the right place for you.
This paragraph shows the time you’ve spent making your cover letter specific to the job at hand. This personability will have a positive effect on those reviewing your letter, as they will feel like you’re specifically here for the job.
Show that you’ve done your research
One simple formula for the second paragraph is to take a bit of knowledge you have about the company, state it, and explain why it is interesting or compelling to you. Are they growing at a rapid rate? Take the opportunity to state your passion for scaling organizations and the culture changes that accompany growth.
An easy way to do this is to set up Google News alerts for the company you’re targeting to find the latest information about the company. Also, check out their social media accounts and see if they’ve been posting about any new projects.
Another tip? Find out what they’re not doing and highlight your experience with those projects. Companies hire people to fill knowledge gaps and bring new expertise. If you can strike a chord with them about something they struggle with, you’ll be sure to catch their eye.
Your experiences aren’t limited to your professional career
One big mistake people make is thinking their experiences are limited to their professional lives. If you volunteer, have a side hustle, or a hobby, there’s a chance that you have transferable skills related to these experiences that you can mention.
There are a ton of skills you might have picked up in your various walks of life:
| Planning | Organization | Time Management |
| Adaptability | Flexibility | Writing |
| Editing | Communication skills | Diversity in knowledge |
| Interpersonal skills | Relationship management | Customer service |
| Problem-solving | Teamwork | Management experience |
| Analytic / Research skills | Data analysis | IT / Technical skills |
| Numeracy | Positive attitude | Attention to detail |
If you’re having trouble imagining how your experience relates to the job posting, these transferable skills can help fill in the experience gaps you might have in your professional career.
4. A strong closing paragraph with a closing ask
After the third paragraph, it’s about time to wrap up the cover letter.
You’ll want to close out your cover letter with a short and concise conclusion paragraph. You don’t want to take too much time from the people with hiring powers. It’s better they feel you’ve respected their time with a cover letter of a reasonable length as opposed to rambling on.
Many recommend that your conclusion include a call to action, such as meeting for a discussion or getting their thoughts on the industry’s future. When the hiring manager is done reading your letter, what do you want their next action to be?
Tip: Many applicants take this opportunity to reiterate their interest in the role. Don’t do that. The hiring manager understands your interest, as well as the interest of 50 other applicants.
They’re not just looking for someone who wants the role but also for someone who can perform it well. Instead of ending the letter by begging, end it by reiterating your knowledge and making another lasting impression. It’s possible they’ll act on it, but it’s also possible you’ll never hear from them. Either way, you’re opening up the dialogue and expressing your interest.
After this, you’ll need to formally sign out of the letter with sincere, best, or kind regards before your name. Although your name is at the beginning of the letter, it’s best you include it at the end as well.
If you want to make your cover letter stand out, use e-signature software to digitally replicate your signature.
Cover letter free template
Writing a compelling cover letter from scratch can be daunting, especially for those new to the process or those who need to apply for multiple positions quickly. This is where a free cover letter template becomes an invaluable resource. Download yours below.
Cover letter mistakes to avoid
The professional world has so many unwritten rules and barriers to entry that it’s easy to make a mistake in front of hiring managers without ever knowing you did anything wrong.
In journalism school, I once emailed a source, only to have them email my editor and the rest of the newspaper department outlining how unprofessional it was to ask questions over email.
You can bet I learned never to do that again. But you can also learn things without embarrassment, which is what I’m hoping to do for you now. Here are a few of the most common cover letter mistakes for you to review and avoid as you pursue your dream job.
Making your cover letter too lengthy
Remember that you’re trying to make a good impression with this letter. Respect the hiring manager’s time by cutting out paragraphs and words that don’t serve a purpose. When we’re nervous, we can sometimes be too wordy or do too much. Avoid this habit in a cover letter.
Using the wrong name or no name at all
Addressing a person or company by the wrong name is unacceptable in a cover letter. In fact, it’s a surefire way to have your letter thrown away without further attention.
The least you can do is double-check that you’ve addressed the letter correctly. Additionally, it doesn’t take much effort to research and figure out who the hiring manager for this role is. Take the extra ten minutes to address the letter with a specific name. This personalizes the experience and makes a stronger impression.
If you’re having trouble finding the name of a hiring manager and you’ve done all the research you can, feel free to write “Dear COMPANY NAME” or “Dear TEAM NAME at COMPANY NAME.” This shows you’ve personalized it to the extent you are able to do so.
Making it all about yourself
Successful companies are built around teams and collaborators. If you’re using the words “I” or “me” too much in your cover letter, you risk coming off as someone who is seeking to serve their own interests.
Instead, try to change the wording to focus more on the way you can have an impact on the company. The cover letter is partially about your achievements, but mostly, it’s about what you can do for this company.
Repeating your resume
This one’s tricky. There’s only so much you can say about your experience, education, etc. Especially if you’re fresh out of school, it can feel like you’re running out of things to say quickly.
Even so, be careful not to write a cover letter that simply repeats your resume or job application. A cover letter is an opportunity to self-advocate in a unique way. Try and use this space to outline experiences you’ve not yet been able to discuss.
Getting too personal
Ideally, the people you’re applying to work with are compassionate and caring individuals who empathize with others. But it’s inappropriate to bring up your recent struggles or how you hated your last job in a cover letter.
For one, it’s unprofessional. And for two, you’ll look like someone who dwells on their issues as opposed to someone who is fully invested in the job at hand. When hiring, managers are asking themselves, “Will I enjoy working with this person?” You want to give them every reason to answer with a resounding yes.
Begging or coming off as desperate
While your intention is to land the job, it’s important to remember that hiring managers don’t owe you anything. Don’t fall into the trap of begging or obsessing over why this is your dream company, and you would be devastated if you didn’t get the job. It might come off like you’re willing to take any job, which could hurt you in the long run. Stay cool, calm, and confident.
Relying on cliches
Hiring managers read a lot of the same sentiments over and over. The least you can do is try and think of unique ways to discuss your skills and experience. Remember, when it comes to getting a job, you want to put your best foot forward.
Here are some common cover letter cliches to avoid:
- “I’m the best person for this job…”
- “This is exactly the type of role I’m looking for…”
- “I’m a fast learner, team player, etc…”
- “Ever since I was a child…”
- “I’m the perfect fit…”
Advice from career experts and recruiters
It wouldn’t be enough to just preach about the best practices for writing a cover letter without asking the experts what they think.
We took to LinkedIn and asked industry experts what their opinions on cover letters are, the best examples they’ve seen, and how you can optimize your cover letter for success. Here are some of the highlights:
Cover letters are perfect for explaining unusual career paths
Many of our career experts were quick to point out that your cover letter is the perfect chance to explain a non-linear resume, absence in work, or career change.
Don’t include a cover letter just for the sake of it
Another common piece of advice we saw was recruiters and career experts advising against half-baked cover letters.
Your cover letter is only as good as your resume
Several of our experts expressed frustration at reading an incredible cover letter only to be let down by a subpar resume attached to it.
The success of your cover letter depends on who reads it
As some experts pointed out, most recruiters use applicant tracking systems to resume parse and extract important information to determine if you’re qualified.
That said, a cover letter can have a big impact if it reaches a point in the recruiting process where a hiring manager reads it.
What we’ve covered on cover letters
As you can see above, even the experts disagree about the importance of a cover letter. The truth is that sometimes your hard work isn’t rewarded. You might work tirelessly to write the perfect cover letter, only to have it tossed to the side.
While there’s nothing you can do to control what happens with your cover letter, you can control the amount of effort and time you put into a cover letter. Who knows? The cover letter you spend lovingly crafting might be the thing that sets you apart for your dream job. That’s time worth investing.
Start using AI writing assistants today to elevate your cover letter and increase your chances of landing that dream job.
This article was originally published in 2019. It has been updated with new information.
